The birth of the engine
2024-11-19
The engine is thepower source. Most car engines arethermal power devices, referred to as thermal machines. Thermal machines convert the thermal energy generated by burning fuel into mechanical energy through the state changes of the working medium.
In 1876, the German Nicolaus A. Otto invented the reciprocating piston typefour-strokegasoline engine. By using four strokes of intake, compression, power, and exhaust, the engine'sthermal efficiencyincreased from 11% of the atmospheric pressure engine to 14%, while the weight of the engine was reduced by 70%.
In 1892, the German engineerRudolf Dieselinvented thecompression ignition engine, i.e., diesel engine, achieving the second major breakthrough in the history of internal combustion engines. Due to the use of high compression and expansion ratios, the thermal efficiency was doubled compared to other engines at that time.
In 1926,the SwissA. Buchi proposed theexhaust gas turbochargingtheory, utilizing the energy from the exhaust gas discharged by the engine to drive thecompressor, boosting the engine. After the 1950s, exhaust gas turbocharging technology began to be gradually applied toautomotive internal combustion engines, significantly improving engine performance and marking the third major breakthrough in the development of internal combustion engines.[1]
In 1956, the German Wankel invented therotary engine, which greatly increased theengine speed. In 1964, the German NSU company first installed a rotary engine in a car.
In 1967, the German Bosch company first introduced a gasoline injection system controlled by anelectronic computer(Electronic Fuel Injection, EFI), marking the beginning of the application of electronic control technology in automotive engines. After 30 years of development, the engine management system(Engine Management System, EMS) has gradually become a standard configuration in cars (especiallypassenger car engines). Due to the application of electronic control technology, the emissions of pollutants, noise, and fuel consumption of the engine have been significantly reduced, improving power performance and marking the fourth major breakthrough in the development of internal combustion engines.[2]In 1967, the United States held a public demonstration of a hydrogen-powered car, which could run 121 kilometers with 10 minutes of hydrogen refueling at a speed of 80 kilometers per hour. The car had 19 seats and was manufactured by the American
Burlingcompany. In 1971, the first bus equipped with aStirling engine, began operation. In 1972, Japan'sHonda Motor Co.sold the Civic car equipped with a Compound Vertex Controlled Combustion (CVCC) engine, marking the first success of lean burn engines.In 1977, the first international electric vehicle conference was held inChicago, USA.During the conference, more than a hundred electric vehicles were exhibited. In 1978, Japan successfully researched hybrid vehicles.
In August 1979, Brazil produced cars powered by alcohol. Brazil is now the country with the most alcohol-powered cars in the world.美国芝加哥召开了第一次国际电动汽车会议。会议期间，展出了各种电动汽车一百多辆。1978年，日本研究成功混合动力汽车。1979年8月，巴西制造出以酒精为燃料的汽车。巴西是现在世界上使用酒精汽车最多的国家。
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